RC Airplane - Skill Level 4
1 - 11 of 11 products
FMS EDF Jet 90mm Avanti PNP 18th Anniversary Edition
Description
Wingspan | 1290mm /50.8 in |
Overall Length | 1360mm /53.5 in |
Flying Weight | Around 3200g |
Motor Size | 3670 KV1950 |
ESC | 120A |
Servo | 13gX8pcs |
Radio | 6CH Channel |
CG (center of gravity) | 125-135mm |
Prop Size | 90mm Ducted Fan 12-blade |
Recommended Battery | 22.2V 5000mAh-6000mAh 45c with EC5 connector |
Aileron | Yes |
Rudder | Yes |
Flaps | Yes |
Retracts | Yes |
Approx. Flying Duration | 3 minutes |
Minimum Age Recommendation | 14+ |
Experience Level |
Intermediate/Advanced
|
Assembly Time | 10 minutes |
Wing Load | 100 g/dm² (0.19oz/in²) |
Wing Area | 32dm² (495.8 sq.in) |
FMS EDF Jet 80mm Futura V3 PNP
Description
The pinnacle of what a foam jet can be - Futura V3
The FMS Futura is a licensed sport jet developed by FMS in conjunction with Tomahawk- Aviation. Designed by a Sino-German team of engineers, the Futura represents the pinnacle of what a foam jet can be.
While retaining V1 features such as the CNC metal trailing-link landing gear for rough field operations, robust airframe with high-strength wing spars, oversized electronics bay, etc, and V2 features such as 13g all-metal digital servos for increased precision and torque, improved durable and reliable plug-type connectors, the FMS 80mm Futura V3 is upgraded with added alternately flashing navigation lights on the left and right wings and taxi lights on the bottom of the fuselage, and a recognizable and attractive red-grey paint scheme.
Powering the Futura V3 is an industry-leading Hobbywing 100A ESC paired with an uprated 3665-KV2000 motor turning an 80mm 12-bladed fan- delivering breathtaking power with absolute confidence.
Features
1. Power system: Hobbywing 100A ESC, 3665-KV2000motor, 80mm 12 bladed fan
2. CNC all-metal landing gear. 10mm diameter worm drive, trailing-link suspension, highly precise and robust.
3. All servos upgraded to 13g digital all-metal units for improved precision and torque
4. Large tires- suitable for rough-field operations
5. Oversized electronics bay for easy maintenance and accepts large capacity batteries
6. Glue-less assembly, the aircraft is built with only 10 screws
7. Environmentally friendly water-based paint
8. Buckle design latch prevents unexpected canopy release in flight
9. Improved plug-type connectors for added durability and reliability
10. Added alternately flashing navigation lights on wings and taxi lights on the bottom of the fuselage for reproduction and fun to the flight
11. Recognizable and attractive red-gray paint scheme
What's in Box
(1) 80mm EDF with 12 bladed fan
(2) 3665-KV2000 Brushless Motor (installed)
(3) Hobbywing 100A ESC ESC (installed)
(4) 13g Digital All-metal Servos (installed)
(5) CNC All-metal Landing Gear (installed)
(6) Flashing Navigation Lights On Wings And Taxi Tights On the Bottom Of the Fuselage (installed)
(7) Attractive Red-gray Decal
(8) Product Manual
Specification | |
Wingspan | 1060mm/41.7in |
Overall Length | 1170mm/46.1in |
Flying Weight | Around 2500g |
Motor Size | 3665-KV2000 |
ESC | 100A |
Servo | 13g metal analog Servo x 8 |
Radio | 6 Channel |
CG (center of gravity) | 100-105mm (From Leading Edge) |
EDF | 80mm Ducted Fan 12-blade |
Recommended Battery | Li-Po 22.2V 4000mAh 35C |
Battery Connector | EC5 |
Aileron | Yes |
Elevator | Yes |
Rudder | Yes |
Flaps | Yes |
Retracts | Yes |
Approx. Flying Duration | 3-5 minutes |
Minimum Age Recommendation | 14+ |
Experience Level | Intermediate |
Assembly Time | 15 minutes |
Wing Load | 113.6g/dm² (0.26oz/in²) |
Wing Area | 22dm² (341sq.in) |
Notes to buyers:
RTF (Ready to Fly) airplanes come with everything you need to fly in the box. A transmitter, receiver, battery, charger, and all other required electronics are included and pre-installed from the factory.
PNP (Plug-and-Play) airplanes include the ESC, motor, and servos all pre-installed from the factory. Transmitter, receiver, battery, and charger are not included.
FMS EDF Jet 80mm F-86 Sabre PNP
Description
Wingspan | 1220mm /48 in |
Overall Length | 1165mm /46 in |
Flying Weight | Around 3050g |
Motor Size | 3665-KV2000 |
ESC | 100A |
Servo | 13gX8, 9gX3 |
Radio | 6 Channel |
CG (center of gravity) | 180-190mm |
Prop Size | 80mm Ducted Fan 12-blade |
Recommended Battery | 22.2V 4000mAh-5500mAh 45c |
Battery Connector | EC5 |
Battery Compartment Size | 200*68*45mm |
Aileron | Yes |
Rudder | Yes |
Flaps | Yes |
Retracts | Yes |
Approx. Flying Duration | 3 minutes |
Minimum Age Recommendation | 14+ |
Experience Level | Upper-Intermediate |
Assembly Time | 10 minutes |
Wing Load | 95.3 g/dm² (0.18oz/in²) |
Wing Area | 32dm² (495.8 sq.in) |
FMS EDF Jet 80mm Rafale PNP
Description
Innovative Design, 80MM Rafale RC EDF Jet
FMS 80mm Rafale features an attractive trim scheme, excellent scale details and fully functional canards- allowing the aircraft to be truly unique when compared to other 80mm EDF aircraft. Details such as the pilot, cockpit interior, panels, removable armaments, auxiliary fuel tanks, refueling probe, targeting sensor etc; dynamic features such as functional LED navigation and landing lights, CNC shock-absorbing electric retracts, functional canards and flaps etc.
Utilising screws, latches and quick connectors, experienced builders can complete the build process in as little as 5 minutes.
Functions such as delta-mixing, sequential landing gear bay doors, alternating flash navigation lights, nose gear landing lights, slowed flaps etc are all controlled by a central control board. An 80mm 12 bladed EDF with a platinum edition 3280 inrunner motor and 100A high performance ESC easily accomplishes fighter jets maneuvers with realistic sound and speed.
Highlights
- 3280-2100KV platinum edition inrunner motor with a high-performance 100A ESC
- Delta wing design with full flying canards and functional flaps
- CNC metal shock-absorbing landing gear
- Functional navigation and landing lights
- Central function controller
- Functional and static details lovingly replicated
- Water based vibrant trim scheme
What's in Box
- 80mm EDF with 12 bladed fan
- 3280-2100KV Brushless Motor (installed)
- Hobbywing 100A ESC (installed)
- 13g Digital All-metal Servos (installed)
- CNC All-metal Landing Gear (installed)
- Flashing Navigation Lights On Wings And Taxi Tights On the Bottom Of the Fuselage (installed)
- Attractive Red-gray Decal
- Product Manual
Need to Complete
Transmitter
6+ channel Receiver
22.2V4000mAh-5000mAh 45c (recmmanded)
Compatible Charger
Notes to buyers:
RTF airplane comes with everything necessary for flight in the box. A transmitter, receiver, battery, charger, and all other required electronics are included and pre-installed from the factory.
PNP airplane comes pre-installed with ESC, motor, and servos. The Transmitter, Receiver, Battery, and Charger are NOT included.
Specification
Specification | |
Wingspan | 974mm /38.3 in |
Overall Length | 1409mm /55.5 in |
Flying Weight | Around 3280g |
Motor Size | 3280 KV2100 |
ESC | 100A |
Servo | 13gX7pcs |
Radio | 6CH Channel |
CG (center of gravity) | 110-130mm |
Prop Size | 12叶 |
Recommended Battery | 22.2V4000mAh-5000mAh 45c |
Battery Connector | EC5 |
Aileron | Yes |
Rudder | Yes |
Flaps | Yes |
Retracts | Yes |
Approx. Flying Duration | 3minutes |
Minimum Age Recommendation | 14+ |
Experience Level | |
Assembly Time | 5minutes |
Wing Load | 85.2 g/dm² ( 0.17oz/in²) |
Wing Area | 38.5 dm² ( 596.6 sq.in) |
FMS 1500mm P-47 Thunderbolt Bonnie PNP w/o Reflex
Description
After two-years of numerous flying tests and continuous improvements, the eagerly anticipated 1500mm P-47, is coming! The 1500mm P-47 features many new and innovative features over the original 1400mm P-47.
The new P-47 shows great detail by including 99% scaled control surface, landing gear cover, cockpit interiors, plastic cowling, gun turrets, retracted landing gear, and panel lines.
The original oil paint has been replaced by the latest environmental water-based paint. The water-based paint is environmental-friendly, and is designed to protect the foam parts under any condition. Additional structural changes include the lighter and larger EPO 52 foam, this change alleviates the airplane weight for an impressive flight performance, without weakening the airplane strength. The new CNC processed shock-absorbed front landing gear effectively helps to withstand those less than perfect landings. The control horn now adopts the new ball link design which helps provide a more accurate flight. The new 4258 KV460 motor coupled with our Predator high quality 80A ESC completes a stronger more powerful system. All servos are now metal gear digital servos. Furthermore, this 1500mm P-47 adopts the latest 2016 FMS electric retract. The 2016 FMS electric retract gets a commendable upgrade on both appearance and performance.
The P-47 has a lot of new customer-friendly features based on easy of assembly and transportation by eliminating the wiring problems. All channels on each wing are brought together in a fuselage to wing port. To complete installing the main wing set simply inserting the wing port into the fuselage half, then fixing the wing with four screws.
The new P-47 is far more than a RC model, it is a great new addition to your RC Warbirds collection. If you like RC Warbirds, the 1500mm P-47 is a typical one that you cannot miss.
Details
- Super high scale detail throughout.
- Scaled flaps, landing gear cover, cockpit interiors, plastic cowling, gun turrets, skin line.
- Environmental water-based paint.
- New lighter EPO52 foam
- Shock absorbing metal oleo landing gear struts
- Retractable tail wheel with metal trunnion
- The retracts are the new 2016 design and are specifically developed for this plane
- Screw in servo pockets.
- Single connector on both wings for easy assembly and disassembly
- LED set
- Scale pilot
- Almost no glue (but antenna, machine gun)
- Bearings in wheel hub for better performance
- Nylon hinge material on control surfaces
- Ball links control horns on all control surfaces
- Wing spar in main wings strengthen the airplane
- Slide out battery tray for easy battery changes
- Metal digital servo throughout for outstanding control effect and stable flying performance
- 4258 KV460 motor with Predator high-quality 80A ESC
Notes to buyers:
RTF (Ready to Fly) airplanes come with everything you need to fly in the box. A transmitter, receiver, battery, charger, and all other required electronics are included and pre-installed from the factory.
PNP (Plug-and-Play) airplanes include the ESC, motor, and servos all pre-installed from the factory. Transmitter, receiver, battery, and charger are not included.
Specification |
|
Wingspan | 1500mm/59.0in |
Overall Length | 1270mm/50.0in |
Flying Weight | Around 3700g |
Motor Size | Brushless 4258-KV460 |
ESC | 80A |
Servo | 17g metal digital x 6, 9g metal digital x 3 |
Radio | 6 Channel |
CG (center of gravity) | 90-95mm (From Leading Edge) |
Prop Size | 14*8, 4 blades |
Recommended Battery | Li-Po 22.2V 5000mAh 35C |
Battery Connector | EC5 |
Aileron | Yes |
Elevator | Yes |
Rudder | Yes |
Flaps | Yes |
Retracts | Yes |
Approx. Flying Duration | 5 minutes |
Minimum Age Recommendation | 14+ |
Experience Level | Intermediate |
Assembly Time | 20 minutes |
Wing Load | 92.5g/dm² (0.21oz/in²) |
Wing Area | 40dm² (620sq.in) |
FMS 3000mm Fox Aerobatic EP Glider PNP
Description
Overview:
3m FOX - one beast of a glider, "MAMMOTH" in the sky
Following the release of the 2320mm FOX, FMS bring you this impressive 3000mm FOX! It should be the largest foaming Fox in the market. We develop this airplane to the utmost of our capacity , committing to make it a classic aerobatic glider.
The FMS 3000mm FOX is really an eye-catching work. It features FMS’ largest wing size for the finest flying capacity , advanced screw-free snap design (except for prop assembly) improving the convenience and compactness and allowing quick and easy installation and dismantle, a sense of spirituality appearance from domestic and foreign professional designers awesomely echoing its name.
Powering with 3000mm FOX is Predator 4258-KV550 motor, 60A ESC, when paired with a 6S battery, unleashes a powerhouse of thrust. In the meantime, the high torque 23G servos ensures large control surface throw for a new level of high maneuverable performance. Positive and negative loops, stall turns, point rolls and inverted flight can be easily and excellently performed, making it suitable for a wide range of pilots.
Go get this fantastic FMS 3000mm FOX to the sky and discover for yourself its infinite possibilities.
Features
Large Wingspan
Powerful 4258 Motor, Predator 60A ESC
High torque 23G metal servos
Screw-free snap construction (except for prop assembly)
Fast assembly time
A 5 second quick-release wing, easily portable airframe
6S 5000mAh battery allows for around 30 minute flight time
Functional Flaps
Folded Propeller
What's in box
- 4258 Motor (installed)
- Predator 60A ESC (installed)
- 23G metal(installed)
- Folded Propeller,15*7.5
- Attractive Decal
- Product Manual
Need to complete
- Transmitter
- 6+ channel Receiver
- 22.2V 5000mAh 35Cc (recommended)
- Compatible Charger
Specification
-
Specification Wingspan 3000mm Overall Length 1873mm Flying Weight 4700g Motor Size 4258-KV460 ESC 60A Servo 23g Servo x 6 Radio 6Channel CG (center of gravity) 90-95mm(From Leading Edge) Prop Size 15*7.5 Recommended Battery 22.2V 5000mAh 35C Battery Connector EC5 Aileron Yes Elevator Yes Rudder Yes Flaps Yes Retracts No Approx. Flying Duration 30min Minimum Age Recommendation 14+ Experience Level Intermediate Assembly Time 10 minutes Wing Load 64.5g/dm² (oz/in²) Wing Area 74.4dm²(in²) Wing Area 50.3 dm² (779.5 sq.in)
Notes to buyers:
RTF (Ready to Fly) airplanes come with everything you need to fly in the box. A transmitter, receiver, battery, charger, and all other required electronics are included and pre-installed from the factory.
PNP (Plug-and-Play) airplanes include the ESC, motor, and servos all pre-installed from the factory. Transmitter, receiver, battery, and charger are not included.
FMS Dual 70mm EDF SU-27 / J-11 PNP
Description
70mm EDF SU-27 PNP
The Su-27 fighter is a single-seat twin-engine all-weather heavy fighter developed by the Soviet Sukhoi Design Bureau. It has ultra-low-altitude flight capabilities, excellent maneuverability and stealth performance, and can still independently complete combat missions, including deep execution of combat missions, when it lacks ground control information.
The R&D team of FMS started from the two aspects of "dynamic" and "static", taking 14 months to restore this classic and unique SU-27 fighter.
“Dynamic” means power and mobility. Dual 70mm inrunner 12 bladed EDFs and high-quality 80A ESCs provide ample thrust for high speed, excellent vertical performance and resonating turbine engine sound. In addition, the pre-installed metal gear servos and ball link style control horns make for more responsive and precise operation.
“Static” means degree of reduction. FMS captures the essence of this fighter. Functional restoration, such as large size airbrake, LED navigation lights & landing lights, full-motion tail, landing gear door with sequencing effect, retractable landing gear system that can resist hard landings, static restoration such as cockpit details, panel lines, detachable ordnance, pilot, and highly recognizable trim scheme, all these details combine to make the FMS Su-27 stand out on the tarmac and in flight.
70mm EDF J-11 PNP
The J-11 fighter is a domestic version of the Su-27 that the People's Republic of China authorized from Russia. It is a third-generation fighter. The Shenyang Aircraft Company established a production line, and Russia supplied the main parts and systems to form production and assembly capabilities. Later, China carried out independent research and development on its basis, and derived newer models such as J-11B and J-11BS.
Superlative dark gray paint, smooth aerodynamic contour, outlines a unique sense of modern technology- FMS dual 70mm EDF J-11.
In terms of performance, Dual 70mm inrunner 12 bladed EDFs and high-quality 80A ESCs provide ample thrust for high speed, excellent vertical performance and resonating turbine engine sound. In addition, the pre-installed metal gear servos and ball link style control horns make for more responsive and precise operation.
In terms of appearance, FMS captures the essence of this fighter. Functional restoration, such as large size airbrake, LED navigation lights & landing lights, full-motion tail, landing gear door with sequencing effect, retractable landing gear system that can resist hard landings, static restoration such as cockpit details, panel lines, detachable ordnance, pilot, and highly recognizable trim scheme, all these details combine to make the FMS J-11 stand out on the tarmac and in flight.
Features:
- Dual 70mm inrunner 12 bladed EDFs and high-quality 80A ESCs provide ample thrust.
- High degree of reduction of dynamic and static details.
- High-quality wear-resistant rubber tires
- Electronic retracts with locked-rotor mode and over current protection
- Large-size bearings are used in the wheel hub for take-offs and landings on rough roads.
- Pre-installed, newly designed ball link style control horns for more throw
Specification:
Wingspan | 1110mm |
Overall Length | 1640mm |
Flying Weight | Around4380g |
Motor Size | 3060-KV1900*2 |
ESC | 80A*2 |
Servo | 13g*4,9g*8 |
Radio | 6 Channel |
CG (center of gravity) | 140-150mm |
EDF | 70mm 12-blade Pro Ducted Fan * 2 |
Recommended Battery | 6S 5000-6000mAh 50C |
Battery Connector | EC5 |
Aileron | Yes |
Elevator | Yes |
Rudder | Yes |
Flaps | Yes |
Retracts | Yes |
Approx. Flying Duration | 4 minutes |
Minimum Age Recommendation | 14+ |
Experience Level | Intermediate |
Assembly Time | 20 minutes |
Wing Area | 36.2dm² |
Notes to buyers:
RTF (Ready to Fly) airplanes come with everything you need to fly in the box. A transmitter, receiver, battery, charger, and all other required electronics are included and pre-installed from the factory.
PNP (Plug-and-Play) airplanes include the ESC, motor, and servos all pre-installed from the factory. Transmitter, receiver, battery, and charger are not include
FMS EDF Jet 80mm Integral PNP
Description
Wingspan | 1060mm /41.7in |
Overall Length | 1190mm /46.8in |
Flying Weight | Around 2500g |
Motor Size | 3665-KV2000 |
ESCA | 100A |
Servo | 13gX8pcs |
Radio | 6CH Channel |
CG (center of gravity) | 155-165mm |
EDF | 80mm Ducted Fan 12-blade |
Recommended Battery | 22.2V 4000mAh-5000mAh 45c |
Battery Compartment Size | 160*55*45mm |
Aileron | Yes |
Rudder | Yes |
Flaps | Yes |
Retracts | Yes |
Approx. Flying Duration | 3 minutes |
Minimum Age Recommendation | 14+ |
Experience Level | Medium High |
Assembly Time | 10 minutes |
Wing Load | 116 g/dm² ( 0.23oz/in²) |
Wing Area | 21.5dm² ( 333sq.in) |
FMS Twin 70mm EDF SU-27 PNP
Description
The Su-27 fighter is a single-seat twin-engine all-weather heavy fighter developed by the Soviet Sukhoi Design Bureau. It has ultra-low-altitude flight capabilities, excellent maneuverability and stealth performance, and can still independently complete combat missions, including deep execution of combat missions, when it lacks ground control information.
The R&D team of FMS started from the two aspects of "dynamic" and "static", taking 14 months to restore this classic and unique SU-27 fighter.
“Dynamic” means power and mobility. Dual 70mm inrunner 12 bladed EDFs and high-quality 80A ESCs provide ample thrust for high speed, excellent vertical performance and resonating turbine engine sound. In addition, the pre-installed metal gear servos and ball link style control horns make for more responsive and precise operation.
“Static” means degree of reduction. FMS captures the essence of this fighter. Functional restoration, such as large size airbrake, LED navigation lights & landing lights, full-motion tail, landing gear door with sequencing effect, retractable landing gear system that can resist hard landings, static restoration such as cockpit details, panel lines, detachable ordnance, pilot, and highly recognizable trim scheme, all these details combine to make the FMS Su-27 stand out on the tarmac and in flight.
Get yourself a Su-27 and bring new excitement to the flying field!
Features:
- Dual 70mm inrunner 12 bladed EDFs and high-quality 80A ESCs provide ample thrust.
- High degree of reduction of dynamic and static details.
- High-quality wear-resistant rubber tires
- Electronic retracts with locked-rotor mode and over current protection
- Large-size bearings are used in the wheel hub for take-offs and landings on rough roads.
- Pre-installed, newly designed ball link style control horns for more throw
Specification:
Wingspan | 1110mm |
Overall Length | 1640mm |
Flying Weight | Around4380g |
Motor Size | 3060-KV1900*2 |
ESC | 80A*2 |
Servo | 13g*4,9g*8 |
Radio | 6 Channel |
CG (center of gravity) | 140-150mm |
EDF | 70mm 12-blade Pro Ducted Fan * 2 |
Recommended Battery | 6S 5000-6000mAh 50C |
Battery Connector | EC5 |
Aileron | Yes |
Elevator | Yes |
Rudder | Yes |
Flaps | Yes |
Retracts | Yes |
Approx. Flying Duration | 4 minutes |
Minimum Age Recommendation | 14+ |
Experience Level | Intermediate |
Assembly Time | 20 minutes |
Wing Area | 36.2dm² |
Notes to buyers:
RTF (Ready to Fly) airplanes come with everything you need to fly in the box. A transmitter, receiver, battery, charger, and all other required electronics are included and pre-installed from the factory.
PNP (Plug-and-Play) airplanes include the ESC, motor, and servos all pre-installed from the factory. Transmitter, receiver, battery, and charger are not included.
FMS Twin 70mm EDF J-11 PNP
Description
The J-11 fighter is a domestic version of the Su-27 that the People's Republic of China authorized from Russia. It is a third-generation fighter. The Shenyang Aircraft Company established a production line, and Russia supplied the main parts and systems to form production and assembly capabilities. Later, China carried out independent research and development on its basis, and derived newer models such as J-11B and J-11BS.
Superlative dark gray paint, smooth aerodynamic contour, outlines a unique sense of modern technology- FMS dual 70mm EDF J-11.
In terms of performance, Dual 70mm inrunner 12 bladed EDFs and high-quality 80A ESCs provide ample thrust for high speed, excellent vertical performance and resonating turbine engine sound. In addition, the pre-installed metal gear servos and ball link style control horns make for more responsive and precise operation.
In terms of appearance, FMS captures the essence of this fighter. Functional restoration, such as large size airbrake, LED navigation lights & landing lights, full-motion tail, landing gear door with sequencing effect, retractable landing gear system that can resist hard landings, static restoration such as cockpit details, panel lines, detachable ordnance, pilot, and highly recognizable trim scheme, all these details combine to make the FMS J-11 stand out on the tarmac and in flight.
Get yourself a J-11 and bring new excitement to the flying field!
Features:
- Dual 70mm inrunner 12 bladed EDFs and high-quality 80A ESCs provide ample thrust.
- High degree of reduction of dynamic and static details.
- High-quality wear-resistant rubber tires
- Electronic retracts with locked-rotor mode and over current protection
- Large-size bearings are used in the wheel hub for take-offs and landings on rough roads.
- Pre-installed, newly designed ball link style control horns for more throw
Specification:
Wingspan | 1110mm |
Overall Length | 1640mm |
Flying Weight | Around4380g |
Motor Size | 3060-KV1900*2 |
ESC | 80A*2 |
Servo | 13g*4,9g*8 |
Radio | 6 Channel |
CG (center of gravity) | 145-150mm |
EDF | 70mm Pro Ducted Fan 12-blade |
Recommended Battery | 6S 5000-6000mAh 50C |
Battery Connector | EC5 |
Aileron | Yes |
Elevator | Yes |
Rudder | Yes |
Flaps | Yes |
Retracts | Yes |
Approx. Flying Duration | 4 minutes |
Minimum Age Recommendation | 14+ |
Experience Level | Intermediate |
Assembly Time | 20 minutes |
Wing Area | 36.2dm² |
Notes to buyers:
RTF (Ready to Fly) airplanes come with everything you need to fly in the box. A transmitter, receiver, battery, charger, and all other required electronics are included and pre-installed from the factory.
PNP (Plug-and-Play) airplanes include the ESC, motor, and servos all pre-installed from the factory. Transmitter, receiver, battery, and charger are not included.